Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time -FIVE HUNDRED NINETY
Palash Biswas
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Indian Parliament Introduction
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RIL-BP $7.2 bn deal among largest FDIs in India!Reliance Industries' USD 7.2 billion mega deal with British major BP Plc is seen as the biggest the foreign direct investment into India so far. As Prime minister advisory panel calls for tight monetary and fiscal policies!Cricket CARMIVAL - World cup plus IPL 4 is Good Diversion to Black Out all informations about ECONOMIC ETHNIC CLEANSING, EXCLUSION, Continued Indian Holocaust and Monopolistic Aggression for Mass Destructionin Aboriginal Indigenous Humanscape under LPG Mafia Rule led by zionist Dynasty and Brahaminical Hegemony remote Controlled by Galaxy Post Modern Manusmrioti Order!Corporate America wants Indian Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee to give positive indications on raising the FDI cap in insurance sector and opening multi-brand retailing during presentation of budget.
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Combating inflation and sustaining growth momentum may be the top priority, but the government today said it would strive to push economic reforms to encourage foreign and private sector investments in the economy.
"The Indian economy continues to be on a trajectory of high growth despite an adverse global environment... However, there is no room for complacency," President Pratibha Patil said in her address to Parliament that marked beginning of the budget session.
The top priority of the government, she said, would include combating high prices especially of food items and sustaining momentum of economic growth.
To achieve this twin objective, she said "we have strived to make the domestic environment more conducive to investment, encouraging public as well as private investment, and domestic as well as foreign investment, particularly FDI.
"We have to maintain the momentum for reforms on a wide front," Patil said.
Referring to the high inflation during the past one year, the president said "my government is deeply concerned over the adverse impact of inflation on the aam aadmi (common man) and the threat it poses to the growth momentum."
While the food inflation had touched 18.32% in December, 2010 before moderating to over 11 per cent this month, the overall inflation still hovers above eight per cent as against the comfort level of 5-6%.
The economic growth, however, is expected to be 8.6% for the current fiscal, up from 8% a year ago.
In their wish list to Mukherjee, as he prepares to present his annual budget in less than 10 days, the US business houses have sought increasing FDI cap in insurance sector to 49 percent, besides reducing tariff in a whole range of items.
The American corporates also urged opening up of multi- brand retailing; liberalisation of FDI norms for food and agricultural products and streamlining the foreign investment process.
"We believe adoption of these proposed changes would be of tremendous benefit to the Indian economy by stimulating long term stable investment and significant job creation," said Ron Somers, president of US India Business Council, in a memorandum.
The council represents the top American companies, including PepsiCo, Boeing, General Electrics, and Lockheed Martin that does business with India.
Despite global economic recovery, many conditions persist that stand as challenges to India maintaining its rapid growth, Somers said.
He said USIBC is committed to supporting implementation of policies and regulations that further strengthen markets in India, while facilitating inclusive growth across all economic sectors and tackling challenges such as the price rise which threatens India's food security goals.
The memorandum send February 9, was twitted by USIBC on Friday with a link to its copy.
It notes that India remains an attractive destination for foreign investors particularly because it strives to create a predictable and transparent regulatory environment that encourages investment.
"Raising the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) cap in insurance to 49 percent will be an important tool in the creation of a world-class infrastructure that will propel India to a higher level of economic growth," said the memorandum spread over 11 pages.
India needs tight monetary and fiscal policies to deal with high inflation, the prime minister's top economic adviser said on Monday even as he appeared confident that headline inflation would ease to 7% by March-end from 8.23% in January.
C Rangarajan, chairman of Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council (PMEAC) was speaking after releasing a report titled 'Review of the Economy 2010-11'.
"Overall inflation should come down to 7% by March-end and further next year because of favourable monsoon… but we need to maintain tight fiscal and monetary policies to protect the economy from inflation," he said.
Though the government has taken several steps to curb inflation, such as increasing foodgrain availability and introducing favourable changes in trade policy, high inflation has already been felt for two years in a row, said Rangarajan.
But his estimates could bring some cheer —- that the gross domestic product (GDP) was expected to grow 8.6% in 2010-11 and 9% in 2011-12.
The PMEAC's estimates for this fiscal are identical to the Central Statistical Organisation's estimate of 8.6% growth this fiscal.
Globally, food prices are already up and international crude prices could also rise if global recovery is strong, said Rangarajan, but indicated that these factors have already been considered while calculating GDP growth.
Pointing out that the agriculture sector was expected to perform "very well," he said agricultural growth this fiscal would be 5% as against just 0.4% and 1.6% 2009-10 and 2008-09, respectively.
Though concerned over a fall in manufacturing sector growth in November and December last year, Rangarajan said the performance of the mining and services sectors would offset any long-term slackening of manufacturing and industrial growth.
Mukesh Ambani does not do small!Channeling 2 percent, or $1.3 trillion, of global gross domestic product into greening sectors such as construction, energy and fishing could start a move toward a low-carbon world, a report launched on Monday said.The investment would expand the global economy at the same rate, if not higher, as under present economic policies, said the report by the U.N. Environment Program (UNEP).
Japanese pharma major Daiichi Sankyo's buyout of Ranbaxy Laboratories for USD 4.5 billion is the second biggest FDI.
Other proposal like South Korean Posco's USD 12 billion investment for a steel plant in Orissa though higher than RIL-BP deal in terms of value, is yet to take off. So is the case with ArcelorMittal's around USD 30 billion investment plans across India.
Another mega transaction worth USD 11 billion was between Vodafone and Hutchison-Essar. However, there was no direct participation of any domestic firm, as deal was between two foreign firms.
Unveiling one of the biggest transactions in the Indian energy space, Mukesh Ambani-led conglomerate today announced the sale of 30 per cent stake in its 23 blocks including the giant KG-D6 gas fields to UK's BP Plc for USD 7.2 billion.
"This is the single largest FDI in the history of India," RIL Chairman Mukesh Ambani said while announcing the deal in London.
Interestingly, Reliance Industries' failed attempt in 2010 to take control of petrochemicals major LyondellBasell, was valued at over USD 14 billion. If the transaction had materialised, it would have been the largest ever by an Indian entity.
Going by estimates, last year alone saw the announcement of more than 290 inbound transactions worth over USD 22 billion.
Among them were Vedanta Resources' planned USD 9.6 billion acquisition of a majority stake in Cairn India .
Abbott Laboratories' takeover of healthcare solutions business of Piramal Healthcare in a USD 3.7 billion deal and Japanese entity JFE Steel Corp's USD 1 billion investment in JSW Steel were among other big transactions.
The NTT DOCOMO-Tata Teleservices worth USD 2.70 billion also saw significant FDI inflows into India.
Among the top deals involving Indian entities are USD 10.7-billion Bharti-Zain transaction and Tata's USD 12 billion-buyout of Corus.
Other major transactions involving Indian entities are Hindalco's buyout of Novelis for USD 6 billion, ONGC -Imperial's USD 2.80 billion deal.
Reuters reports:He is the richest man in Asia, chairman of India's biggest listed company, and lives in one of the largest and most expensive homes in the world.
On Monday, he struck a deal with BP that will see the British energy giant pump at least $7.2 billion into gas projects developed by his Reliance Industries in one of the country's largest foreign investments.
The blockbuster deal comes less than a year after Ambani won a gas pricing dispute with his younger brother Anil that went all the way to the Supreme Court, leading to the end of a long-running family feud that had captivated India.
At 53, Mukesh Ambani is the world's fourth richest man with a net worth estimated at $29 billion, according to Forbes.
The older son of Reliance Industries founder Dhirubhai Ambani, a schoolteacher's son whose rise inspired a Bollywood film, Mukesh is known to be soft-spoken, a vegetarian and a teetotaller, and keeps a lower public profile than his brother.
A chemical engineer by training, Mukesh Ambani dropped out of an MBA program at Stanford University, where he was a classmate of Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, and joined Reliance in 1981.
After the death of their father in 2002, the two brothers fought publicly, ending with a split of the family business empire in 2005 that was brokered by their mother and saw Mukesh win control of energy-based conglomerate Reliance Industries.
Anil, now 51, took control of the telecoms, power and infrastructure businesses.
DEALMAKER
Mukesh Ambani has been an avid dealmaker.
Monday's deal with BP is expected to boost shares in Reliance Industries, valued at about $70 billion, company watchers said, as it brings in capital and technology.
Last year, he struck three shale gas joint ventures in the United States, including a $1.7 billion deal with Atlas Energy
to own 40 percent of its Marcellus Shale operations in the eastern United States.
Still, not everything he touches turns to gold.
Meanwhile,UNEP's Executive Director Achim Steiner said in the statement: "With 2.5 billion people living on less than two dollars a day and with more than two billion people being added to the global population by 2050, it is clear that we must continue to develop and grow our economies.
"But this development cannot come at the expense of the very life support systems on land, in the oceans or in our atmosphere."
Agriculture, buildings, energy supply, fisheries, forestry, industry, tourism, transport, waste management and water are sectors that could do with more greening, the report said.
Buildings are the single largest emitter of greenhouse gases because of inefficient heating in offices and homes, according to the study entitled "Toward a Green Economy."
THREEFOLD INCREASE IN RECYCLING
The sector's footprint could nearly double by 2030, or 30 percent of total energy-related carbon dioxide.
The report suggests investing $108 million in the waste sector annually could increase recycling threefold by 2050 and reduce landfill contents by more than 85 percent.
In Brazil, recycling already makes $2 billion a year while avoiding 10 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, UNEP said.
Greener policies would still grow economies while reducing the ecological footprint by nearly 50 percent in the next 40 years, but some jobs would be lost as a result in sectors such as fisheries, the report said.
Investment in more sustainable productive activities would, however, offsets those job losses by developing sectors such as renewable energy.
Government subsidies in the fishing industry amount to about $27 billion a year and have created excess capacity and depleted fish stocks globally.
Last year, government rolled back about $10 billion of a $40 billion stimulus package implemented during the 2008 global financial crisis.
This year, the government is unlikely to make tough belt-tightening decisions. It is on the back foot over corruption scandals and faces elections in four major states.
Stubbornly sticky inflation in Asia's third largest economy, driven by food and other commodity prices, combined with a high fiscal deficit has prompted repeated calls from the central bank for fiscal consolidation.
However, government tends to bank on higher revenues rather than spending cuts, a formula that worked in the current fiscal year thanks to a windfall from the sale of 3G mobile bandwidth.
Daily News & Analysis - - Daily News & Analysis - - - - |
Below are some questions and possible answers that the finance minister faces over the budget:
WILL INDIA FURTHER TRIM FISCAL STIMULUS?
Since Mukherjee wants to reduce the fiscal deficit to 4.8 percent of gross domestic product in 2011/12 and 4.1 percent in 2012/13, he is expected to continue a gradual rollback of the fiscal stimulus package unveiled during 2008 global crisis.
In last year's budget, he trimmed the package by raising factory gate duties on all major items to 10 percent from 8 percent and reimposing the taxes on crude oil, petrol and diesel that were withdrawn in 2008.
The government rolled out its stimulus package in three phases during 2008 and 2009 by cutting taxes and lifting spending on infrastructure to prop up demand.
Meanwhile, an effort to overhaul India's tax system has been deferred until next year, meaning Mukherjee may hold off on raising tax rates across the board and instead lift rates only for goods such as cars and commercial vehicles, while bringing more services into the tax net.
WILL INDIA FOLLOW THE FISCAL CONSOLIDATION PATH?
Partially. Mukherjee could rely on a surge in domestic demand and global recovery to drive tax receipts to meet fiscal targets.
The RBI, which has raised rates seven times since March to tackle high inflation, hopes the government moves towards fiscal consolidation in 2011/12.
The finance minister may also marginally lower government borrowings below this year's Rs 4.47 trillion ($98 billion) to show his commitment to fiscal consolidation, though he will not have the cushion of revenue from the 3G spectrum auction in the new year.
The government could raise up to Rs 40,000 crore from the sale of stakes in companies, partially offsetting a swelling food subsidy bill estimated at Rs 70,000 crore. A downturn in the stock market, however, has curbed investor appetite for new issues for the time being.
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By Varun Sood & Satish John | Place: Mumbai | Agency: DNA
Reliance Industries (RIL) discovered the Krishna-Godavari basin gas trove in 2002.
Four years later, it got approval to convert the block for development.
Last year, gas started flowing from the massive gusher.
In all, RIL has invested about $9 billion in the 29 exploration blocks, according to the company's submission to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India last year.
RIL sources said this includes $5.5 billion in the prolific D6.
That's almost exactly what BP will pay RIL — $7.2 billion for a 30% stake in 23 blocks, plus $1.8 billion for future exploration success.
That leaves RIL with a 60% stake in blocks where its partner Niko Resources of Canada has 10% holding, and 70% in the rest of a geography that so far has found 15 trillion cubic feet of gas reserves.
India's largest private company has thus practically got paid for all its exploration expenditure so far.
Not to forget, RIL has already earned over $2 billion by selling the D6 gas in the last three quarters.
Swell deal?
You bet, said analysts.
"It puts RIL in a position to be debt-free," Mukesh Ambani, chairman and managing director, said.
Primary discussions on a potential deal started in late 2007, Ambani said.
"And due-diligence was conducted for two years," said Robert Dudley, CEO of BP Plc.
Deal making intensified over the last 3-4 months as tech teams from both companies tied up things, Ambani said.
RIL will get the money in three tranches — $2 billion upfront, a further $2.3 billion on completion of the deal, and a final payment of $3 billion in October 2011.
In all, the deal could involve investments of up to $20 billion from BP, said RIL — a chunk of which would land up in a private company — Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure Ltd.
"He got what he wanted," said an observer who has been tracking both the company and its chairman Mukesh Ambani very closely over more than a decade. He did not wish to be named.
Reliance's current output of 1.8 billion cubic feet of gas a day, which is equal to 125,000 barrels of oil production per day, is nearly 40% of India's total gas production.
All of this currently comes from D6.
While RIL boasts of a balance sheet that generates close to $6 billion or 27,000 crore of cash annually, analysts said what the deal brings to the table is a quick turnaround for the company's various oil and gas exploration projects and faster commercialisation of assets.
When the spat between the Mukesh and younger brother Anil was at its fiercest, the latter had accused RIL of 'goldplating', or showing more than what they were, investments made in D6 — something the company vehemently denied.
Mukesh has also said that RIL needs a "cushion of $18 billion" by fiscal 2013 for developing D6.
BP is reputed to own the world's best deep-sea oil and gas exploration technology. Acquiring that would have cost a fortune and even if it was willing to spend, it was difficult to get an oil company to part with the technology, said another analyst.
"This business requires deep pockets and although RIL has made early inroads, a partnership with BP will only help them realise the full potential of the business," said Monish Chatrath, executive director at Mazars India, a consultant for the oil & gas sector.
"BP, on the other hand, gets a good footprint in India and it also diversifies the risk for RIL," he said.
Europe's No.2 energy giant also has a significant presence in the lubricants business in India through Castrol.
It's not that RIL will just enjoy the cash flows, either.
"For every dollar BP invests, RIL will also invest a dollar. In some cases, we will invest even 2 dollars," Ambani said.
"Personally I am a big believer in the potential of the east coast of India," Ambani said.
Theepam Jothilingam, James R Hubbard, Mathew P Lofting and Albina Sadykova, analysts with Morgan Stanley, wrote in a note to investors after the deal that, "alongside the Rosneft transaction, the Reliance deal suggests BP under Bob Dudley has lost none of its appetite to execute industry leading moves".
Within the exploration circles, RIL is known as a "wildcatter" that uses the 'hit and run' tactics to explore across the 270,000 square kilometres it owns.
For D6, RIL has hired two Houston, Texas-based energy specialists — Halliburton and Schlumberger — and hires deepsea drilling vessels from Transocean.
"This is good news for the country's energy security market," said S P Tulsian, an independent stock analyst.
He expects BP to help Reliance ramp up the gas output from the Krishna Godavari basin to increase from the 56-58 million cubic metres a day currently to 80 million cubic metres a day in the coming six months and also lead to "very speedy production" from the 20 fields being explored by RIL.
"For Reliance it is a very good valuation though I think BP paid a bit on the higher side, thinking they are entering a country where there is high demand," he said.
Niko should be also happy because this would lead to more gas production and therefore higher profit share, Tulsian said.
BP is trying to increase its investment in exploration in key oil and gas basins, including the Russian Arctic region where it announced an exploration venture with state-owned oil major Rosneft.
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Benchmarks ended near day's highs as institutions bought index heavyweights at lower levels after a sharp fall in previous session.
Each unit, estimated to cost about Rs 3 lakh, will consist of two rooms, kitchen, bathroom and a lavatory, along with electricity and water facilities.
Tax laws significantly affect investment in equity market as well as in pension and insurance products.
The move to relax tax norms on FDs would help the banking sector tide over the current liquidity shortage following RBI's decision to tighten monetary policy.
Manmohan Singh will make a statement in the Lok Sabha in this regard soon after the introduction of the new ministers in his cabinet, sources said here Monday.
A motion for constituting the JPC will be moved on Thursday by Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal after the prime minister replies to the motion of thanks to the president's address to the joint sitting of parliament, following which it would be sent to the Rajya Sabha for concurrence, sources said.
The government had last week agreed to the demand of the opposition to form the JPC to investigate the 2G spectrum scam about which the government auditors had said the presumptive loss was worth Rs.1.75 lakh crore.
The whole of the winter session of parliament was lost due to the opposition demand for a JPC probe into the 2G scam and the government not agreeing to it then.
Earlier, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) said the announcement on the JPC was likely on Tuesday. BJP deputy leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha Gopinath Munde said the opposition parties had demanded at the meeting of business advisory committee of the Lok Sabha that the announcement of JPC should be made before the start of question hour Tuesday.
"I compliment the prosecution. This is a tribute to our legal system," he told reporters while commenting on the Bombay High Court's decision.
He said the manner in which the case was conducted in India has "raised the prestige" of the country's judicial system.
"I think, we should allow our legal system to deal with case in the manner every other cases dealt with," the Home Minister said.
At the same time, he observed that the trial in the case was making no headway in Pakistan.
"Between the High Court and the trial court in Pakistan, in a way there has been no movement at all (on 26/11 case)," he said when asked whether, in the light of the judgement, India would call for a speedy hearing of the case in Pakistan.
He noted that when the case came up a couple of days ago in Pakistan, the prosecution had asked for an adjournment on the ground that the matter was pending in the High Court.
"But in the High Court, the judge, who was dealing with the case had retired," he noted.
Law Minister Veerappa Moily also welcomed the judgement and said the Indian judicial system was fair and equal to everybody and the same was demostrated by the Bombay High Court in upholding the death sentence of Kasab.
"Entire world knows how our judicial system works... very methodical, very systematic....it reflects well of our judiciary," he said.
Terming the judgement as "well carved out", he said the justice delivery system has dealt with the subject in a fair and equal manner.
"It is fair to everybody..equal to everybody and that is what is demonstrated by this judgement on Kasab," the Law Minister said outside Parliament House.
Two Indian judges rejected the appeal of the sole surviving gunman from the 2008 Mumbai attacks against his conviction and death sentence, television reports said. Media reports said the judges dismissed the appeal by Kasab over his role in the attacks that killed 166 and injured more than 300 people.
The court also threw out the state's appeal against the lower court's decision to acquit two Indian nationals who were accused of providing hand-drawn maps to the 10 Islamist gunmen.
Ansari and Ahmed had been, however, let off for want of adequate evidence by the trial court.
Kasab, the sole surviving terrorist in the 26/11 strike, was given the death penalty by a trial court in May 2010. He appeared briefly in the court through a video link wearing a white kurta with his head down.
Kasab told his lawyer Farhana Shah on Saturday last that he would hear the verdict through video conference. He also appeared to be nervous and did not talk much, Shah said.
Justice Ranjana Desai and Justice R V More of the Bombay High Court would also give verdict today on an appeal filed by Kasab against his conviction and death sentence.
The Judges would also pronounce judgement on an appeal filed by Maharashtra Government against the acquittal of Faheem Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmed, both Indians who were let off on ground of "doubtful evidence".
Meanwhile, security in and around the High Court has been tightened. The special branch of police has issued passes to journalists and lawyers for entry into court 49 where the judgement would be delivered.
Kasab, an LeT operative , has been confined to jail since his arrest on November 26, 2008, when he was caught alive at Girgaum Chowpatty in South Mumbai.
Nine others, who had come with Kasab, from Karachi in Pakistan by sea route, were gunned down by security forces at terror sites, Hotels Taj Mahal and Oberoi-Trident and Jewish guest house Nariman House in South Mumbai.
No one from Kasab's family has come to meet him in India and neither he has expressed his desire to meet any one, his lawyer Farhana Shah told media. However, Kasab had told the High Court that he wished to be tried in a US court but did not elaborate. The court did not consider his plea.
During arguments in the High Court, Kasab pleaded that this trial was "unfair" and demanded a fresh trial. He argued that material evidence was suppressed and norms were not followed to defend him. However, the judges rejected his plea.
Kasab took a stand of total denial and disputed prosecution's story that he had landed with nine others in a dingy at Badhwar Park on the day of terror attack. His lawyers Amin Solkar and Farhana Shah argued the evidence was concocted to frame Kasab in the case, saying the dingy was small and could not accommodate ten persons.
Kasab submitted that he come from Pakistan much before the terror attacks and was arrested at Juhu beach. He said he was in custody when the terror attacks took place.
Government Counsel Ujjwal Nikam placed photographs and CCTV footages showing Kasab in terror acts. However, Kasab argued that they had been morphed and his face was not clear.
The prosecution also relied on Kasab's confession before a Magistrate accepting his role in 26/11 attack and his guilt plea before trial court admitting the crime.
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Parliament of India
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged andremoved. (January 2011) |
| Parliament of the Republic of India | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Type | |
| Type | Bicameral |
| Houses | Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha |
| Leadership | |
| Chairman of the Rajya Sabha | Mohammad Hamid Ansari, (I) since 11 August 2007 |
| Speaker of the Lok Sabha | Meira Kumar, (INC) since 30 May 2009 |
| Structure | |
| Members | 790 245 Members of RS 545 Members of LS |
| Elections | |
| House of the PeopleLast election | Indian general election, 2009 |
| Council of States Last election | Indian general election, 2009 |
| Meeting place | |
 | |
| Sansad, New Delhi, India | |
| Website | |
| Rajya Sabha Website Lok SabhaWebsite | |
The Parliament of the Republic of India (commonly referred to as the Indian Parliament) is the supreme legislative body in the Republic of India. The Parliament alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all political bodies in India.
The parliament is bicameral, with an upper house, the Rajya Sabha, and a lower house, the Lok Sabha. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Sansad Bhawan(commonly known as the Sansad Marg), in New Delhi. The Members of either house are commonly referred to as Member of Parliament or MP. The MPs of Lok Sabha are elected by direct election and the MPs of Rajya Sabha are elected by the members of the State Legislative Assemblies in accordance with proportional voting. The Parliament is composed of 802 MPs, who serve the largest democratic electorate in the world and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world (714 million eligible voters in 2009).[1][2]
Of the 552 members of the House of People, 530 members represent the territorial Constituencies in the States, 20 represent the Union territories , chosen in such manner as Parliament may by law provide. These members serve a 5 year term until the next General Election are held. 2 members are chosen by the president. House seats are apportioned among the states by population in such a manner that the ratio between that number and the population of the State is, so far as practicable, the same for all States.
The 250 Members of the Council of States serve a staggered six-year term. 12 of these members are nominated by the President and shall consist of persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as the following, namely literature, science, art and social service. The 238 members are representatives of the States shall be elected by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of the State in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. Every two years, approximately one-third of the Council is elected at a time.
Contents[hide] |
[edit]Parliament of India
[edit]History
The parliament house was planned at the introductory stage to be a part of theRashtrapati Bhawan. But in 1919 according to the Montague-Chelmsford reforms it was announced to be designed as the Indian parliament.
[edit]The houses
The Indian Parliament has two houses-
[edit]Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha (in Hindi) is also known as the "House of the People" or the lower house. Almost all of its members are directly elected by citizens of India. Every citizen who is over 18 years of age, irrespective of gender, caste, religion or race, who is otherwise not disqualified, is eligible to vote.
The Lok Sabha can have up to 552 members as envisaged in the Constitution of India. It has a term of five years. To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and must be 25 years of age or older, mentally sound, should not be bankrupt and has no criminal procedures against him/her. Up to 530 members can be elected from the states in single member districts, up to 20 members from the Union territories and no more than two members from the community can be nominated by the President of India if the president feels that the Anglo-Indian community is not adequately represented. The Lok Sabha has 545 members, some seats are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
[edit]Rajya Sabha
The Rajya Sabha is also known as "Council of States" or the upper house. Its members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the States.
The Rajya Sabha has 250 members in all. Elections to it are scheduled and the chamber cannot be dissolved. Each member has a term of 6 years and elections are held for one-third of the seats after every 2 years.
- Representatives of States are elected by the elected members of theLegislative Assembly of the State in accordance with system of proportional representation by means of single transferable vote.
- Representatives of Union Territories are indirectly elected by members of anelectoral college for that territory in accordance with system of proportional representation.
The Council of States is designed to maintain the Federation character of the country. The number of members from a state depends on the population of the state (e.g. 31 from Uttar Pradesh and one from Nagaland).
The minimum age for a person to become a member of Rajya Sabha is 30 years.
[edit]Working, procedures and committees
The Parliament consists of the President of Republic of India and both the Chambers. The House and the Council are equal partners in the legislative process; however, the Constitution grants the House of People some unique powers. Revenue-raising or "Money" bills must originate in the House of People. The Council of States can only make recommendations suggestions over these bills to the House, within a period of fourteen days - lapse of which the bill is assumed to have been passed by both the Chambers.
[edit]Procedures and committees
[edit]Lawmaking procedures
Lawmaking procedures in India are modeled after, and are thus very similar to, those followed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
[edit]Parliamentary committees
Parliamentary committees play a vital role in the Parliamentary System. They are a vibrant link between the Parliament, the Executive and the general public.
The need for Committees arises out of two factors, the first one being the need for vigilance on the part of the Legislature over the actions of the Executive, while the second one is that the modern Legislature these days is over-burdened with heavy volume of work with limited time at its disposal. It thus becomes impossible that every matter should be thoroughly and systematically scrutinised and considered on the floor of the House. If the work is to be done with reasonable care, naturally some Parliamentary responsibility has to be entrusted to an agency in which the whole House has confidence. Entrusting certain functions of the House to the Committees has, therefore, become a normal practice. This has become all the more necessary as a Committee provides the expertise on a matter which is referred to it.
In a Committee, the matter is deliberated at length, views are expressed freely, the matter is considered in depth, in a business-like manner and in a calmer atmosphere. In most of the Committees, public is directly or indirectly associated when memoranda containing suggestions are received, on-the-spot studies are conducted and oral evidence is taken which helps the Committees in arriving at the conclusions.
Parliamentary Committees are of two kinds: Ad hoc Committees and the Standing Committees most powerful of all is public accounts committee which is headed by the leader of the opposition.
[edit]Standing committees
Each House of Parliament has standing committees like the Business Advisory Committee, the Committee on Petitions, the Committee of Privileges and the Rules Committee, etc.
Standing committees are permanent and regular committees which are constituted from time to time in pursuance of the provisions of an Act of Parliament or Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Parliament. The work of these Committees is of continuous nature. The Financial Committees, DRSCs and some other Committees come under the category of Standing Committees.
These are the Committees on Subordinate Legislation, the Committee on Government Assurances, the Committee on Estimates, the Committee on Public Accounts and the Committee on Public Undertakings and Departmentally Related Standing Committees (DRSCs).
[edit]Ad hoc committees
Ad hoc committees are appointed for a specific purpose and they cease to exist when they finish the task assigned to them and submit a report. The principal ad hoc committees are the Select and Joint Committees on Bills. Others like the Railway Convention Committee, the Committees on the Draft Five Year Plans and the Hindi Equivalents Committee were appointed for specific purposes.
Joint Committee on Food Management in Parliament House Complex etc. also come under the category of ad hoc committees.
[edit]References
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Parliament of India |
- ^ Post Store (2009-06-08). "The Washington Post, June 8, 2009". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
- ^ Ian Traynor in Brussels (2009-06-07). "The Guardian, Monday 8 June 2009". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
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