PRIs key to land acquisition, relief & rehabilitationhttp://www.inclusion.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=132&Itemid=98
The Resettlement and Rehabilitation Bill 2007 represents a major paradigm shift in the process of acquisition of land. However, this shift will remain incomplete till so long as the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) are not actively associated with the process of land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation at its every stage. The Panchayats have the knowledge domain and they have to be consulted during the stage of survey, the formulation of the rehabilitation plan and its implementation.
There is a wide role for Panchayats in the acquisition and rehabilitation process. The States have endowed the Panchayats with powers and authority under the respective State Panchayati Raj legislations and Panchayats are in a position to shoulder all the responsibility assigned to them under the Constitution. Panchayati Raj is an inseparable part of our system of governance. Plans for economic development and social justice which are to be implemented at the level of district, block or village should be implemented by the elected Panchayats. It is essential that the Panchayats are fully involved and encouraged to shoulder the responsibilities assigned to them. As Panchayati Raj is a State subject, it is up to the States to decide the steps that they need to take to devolve powers to the Panchayats. Most of the states are in the process of completing the task of devolution of powers, as per Article 243 G of the Constitution (See Box).
The Government has also enacted the 'Panchayat Extension to the Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act' in 1996. It is one of the progressive legislations for the Adivasi regions, providing for self-governance and recognising the traditional rights of indigenous communities over their natural resources. The main rationale behind the Act is to preserve the tribal population from exploitation with an active involvement of the Gram Sabha. Gram Sabha is a body constituted under the provisions of the Constitution and there is no doubt that they would play their part with full responsibility in the rehabilitation process i.e. selection of the place of rehabilitation and examining the facilities, amenities available therein.
As per PESA, the Gram Sabha will be involved in approval of development plans, and programmes, land availability and rehabilitation of affected persons, and has given control of land, forest and water in the hands of tribal through the Gram Sabha. The Act entrusts the Gram Sabha with the following:
Section 4.d: Gram Sabha shall safeguard and preserve the traditions and customs of the people, their cultural identity, community resources and the customary mode of dispute resolution
Section 4.e (i): Gram Sabha shall be responsible for approval of plans, programmes and projects for social and economic development
Section 4.e (ii): responsible for the identification or selection of persons as beneficiaries under the develo pment programmes
Section 4.i: Consultation with Panchayat prior to land acquisition and Rehabilitation & Resettlement activities in the scheduled areas
Section 4.m(ii): Endows owner ship of minor forest produces to Panchayats
l Section 4.m (iii): endows power to prevent alienation of land in Scheduled areas and to take appropriate action to restore any unlawfully alienated land of STs
In particular, Section (4) (i) of the PESA Act, 1996 clearly shows that in case of acquisition in the schedule V areas, the provisions of PESA should be strictly adhered to which was enacted to safeguard and preserve traditions and customs of tribal communities and prevent alienation from their homelands.
Once an area is notified as an affected area, a baseline survey at the village level is to be conducted to obtain details of persons likely to be displaced. This information would detail the economic background of the residents of the affected area in terms of landholding, occupation, caste and tribe details and also vulnerability, e.g. disabled, widowed,
abandoned, etc and would form the basis for the draft resettlement and rehabil itation scheme or plan. The Gram Sabha should be consulted during the conduct of the baseline survey and the findings ratified by it. This is in keeping with the provisions of section 4 (i) of the PESA Act, 1996as well as section 4 (e) of the said Act.
There should be provision in the Land Acquisition (Amendment Bill) for the display of the notification for land acquisition in the Gram Panchayat. It is important that project affected communities should be made aware of the project and its importance and its importance, the plan for acquisition and any other relevant details, by the concerned authority or administration.
There should be a provision for display of notification for land acquisition in the Gram Panchayats, in the Land Acquisition Amendment Bill. The opinion of the villagers should be sought after the Panchayat has been formulated and explained to them. The following role can be envisaged for Gram Panchayats:-
(i) Social Impact survey will be conducted only after the modalities, substance and the organisation conducting it, has the approval of Gram Sabha.
(ii) The representatives of the Panchayat should be associated with the survey. The Sarpanch should be the member of SIA committee.
(iii) The survey once done, the report should be placed before the Gram Sabha for its approval, before it is implemented.
Social Impact Assessment Study
Chapter II of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill, 2007 deals with Social Impact Assessment Study. As the Gram Sabhas and Panchayats are positioned closest to the affected communities; they are in the best position to participate in the Social Impact Assessment Study. Therefore, it should be conducted only after the modalities and contents of the study have been presented to the Gram Sabha. The Chairperson(s) or representative(s) of the Panchayat at the appropriate level should be a member(s) of the Social Impact Assessment Study Team. The result of the study should be placed before the Gram Sabha for discussion.
As per Clause 8 of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill 2007, the Social Impact Assessment Study shall be carried out in the affected area whenever land is acquired for public purpose involving physical displacement of 400 or more families in plain area or 200 or more families in tribal or hilly or DDP Blocks or areas specified in Fifth and Sixth Schedule of the Constitution.
For the Social Impact Assessment Study and rehabilitation whenever land is acquired for public purpose, specially in rural areas, it is important that the limit of two hundred families in hilly/tribal/scheduled area for the Social Impact Assessment Study should be flexible in the Scheduled Areas since the pattern of habitation in Scheduled Areas is different from plains. Ordinarily, tribal habitation are scattered and would comprise 30-40 households. In areas inhabited by primitive tribes, the number of households will be significantly less. Therefore, for the scheduled areas, the limit of 200 households should be flexible so that the provision becomes applicable even if it were less than the prescribed limit of 200 families.
As per Clause 5(1) of the R&R Bill, the social impact assessment report shall be submitted to the appropriate government for its examination by an independent multi-disciplinary expert group, as may be notified by the appropriate Government.
Tribal Development Plan
A Tribal Development Plan has to be prepared under Section 49 9(1) of the draft Bill, in case of involuntary displacement of 200 or more Scheduled Tribes families. This is meant to derive the course of action for settlement of Land Rights due but not settled and restoring titles of tribals on alienated land by undertaking a special drive together with land acquisition. However, such plan should also be prepared for displacement of less than 200 Scheduled Tribes families. This Tribal Development Plan should have the approved of the Gram Sabhas concerned in accordance with Section 4 (m) iii of the PESA Act, 1996 Gram Sabha.
There is a provision for consultation with the Gram Sabha or the Panchayats in the Fifth Scheduled in accordance with the provision of the PESA. This finds some place in R&R Bill but it has not been mentioned in Land Acquisition Bill 2007. This inconsistency will create confusion in implementing the provisions of the Act in true spirit. So a reference to PESA Act is necessary enclosing of Land Acquisition (Amendment Bill). In this regards, land acquisition measures should abide by the Section 4(i) of PESA Act, 1996.
In dissemination of information about the Land Acquisition Act, the role of Gram Sabha cannot be ignored. People should be made aware of their rights with regard to requisition of their land and in this a Forum of Panchayat bodies can play a very important role. The Gram Sabha should be informed by the competent authority of about the villages which will be affected, the purpose of land to be acquired the process to be adopted for land acquisition, the entitlement of affected and other legal matters.
According to Clause 9 of the Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, the Collector will commence the exercise of updating the land records, categorisation of land and its terms, survey and consistency of Land under acquisition, before the issue of declaration. The PESA Act includes consultation with the Panchayats and Gram Sabhas for verification of land records. Further, the Gram Sabha and the Panchayats at the appropriate level must be fully consulted as per the provisions of Section 4 (i) of the PESA Act prior to the formal land acquisition measures and the authentication of land records must necessarily be the domain of the PRIs for greater transparency and accuracy.
Conclusion
We cannot overlook the fact that being closest to the people, the Panchayats and their elected representatives have the feel of the pulse, the sufferings of the people and local conditions. The effectiveness of providing services through local bodies cannot be overemphasised as they know their real requirements, and are familiar with every nook and corner of the village and, above all, they are answerable to the people. Gram Sabhas can play a very meaningful role in selecting the beneficiaries, prioritising the beneficiaries to ensure gender and equity concerns and also in deciding the appropriate rehabilitation or reconstruction programme that is needed for the communities.
The involvement of Panchayats ensures greater transparency in working and fund utilisation than in execution carried out by central or state agency, many a times. Providing a village level plan for reconstruction and rehabilitation, classifying victims' families and making arrangements for relief packages to reach them, managing temporary camps, and coordinating immediate health and hygiene works at village level. Panchayats should be given powers to decide on technology, cost, location, infrastructure and beneficiary selection; and since they have a role in rural housing, primary health care, water and sanitation in many states, should be given these functions by the coordinating authority.
It is mostly agreed that the PRIs can play a significant role in Rehabilitation and resettlement provided they are vested with due authority, and are facilitated to do so through capacity building inputs and necessary institutional support. Adequate resources should be provided to PRIs to build up their capacities and Sensitisation and training of PRI members on related areas will have to be promoted and capacity for the same should be institutionalised in the existing institutional framework.
Any legislation empowering the Panchayats on land acquisition will make a great difference because if the people at the grassroots are legally empowered to raise objections to land acquisition then there will be a fair chance that the Government may have to fight many stiff legal battles in order to proceed with development projects which would displace the poor and the marginalised from their hearth and homes. For greater transparency and accuracy, the Panchayats at the appropriate level Gram Sabha must be fully consulted as per the provision of section 4(i) of the PESA Act prior to the formal land acquisition. In a mature and responsible administrative system where power is in the hands of the people and their democratically elected local government institutions, relief operations, day-to-day running of civic services, providing medical assistance, etc., could best be done by the local government.
(The author is a Senior Consultant with the Ministry of Panchayati RajAs former finance minister Yashwant Sinha said in a recent interview with Inclusion: "The first generation reforms were initiated by Dr Singh in 1991 while the second generation reforms were initiated by the BJP-led NDA government. But, today the need of the hour is to step on the third generation of reforms even as the government moves beyond the unfinished agenda regarding the earlier reform measures."
But is the time right for stepping up on reforms. The outlook for growth appears to have taken a beating, a slowdown seems inevitable, the overall deficit has ballooned; and farm loan waiver, inflationary pressures and the rising government salary and wage bill all point to a certain slowdown in the pace of reforms and eventual economic growth.
This again raises the question whether the reforms process will again be put on the backburner and if not, what are the types of reforms that are urgently needed to retain the growth momentum, both economically and socially. So then how does the government go about pursing its agenda for insuring inclusive growth? And what can it achieve given the fact that the next general elections are round the corner?
Here, the general viewpoint that is gaining ground is that the government should use the rest of its term to brainstorm on the next generation of reforms, setting in place an agenda of action for the new government. The list of pending reforms is known to all; after all major economic bills relating to banking, insurance and pension await passage. What the government more importantly has to do is to initiate steps on the third generation reforms, which are an essential element of its aim to ensure inclusive growth.
Key to taking the reforms further in India is reforms at the state level. That undoubtedly will require considerable brainstorming as it not only involves considerable political management but also change management. This should not face the kind of opposition it did in the eighties as today there is an environment and the willingness to reap the benefits of reforms. Today, there is general consensus on many economic issues, notably the need to improve physical infrastructure (to ensure availability of electricity, water and improved roads) as well as social infrastructure (basic health-care and elementary education).
The first phase of reforms, which started in 1991, essentially concentrated on reforms at the Central government level. The second round (though still incomplete) looks at infrastructure, financial and labour reforms. And, these have to be taken to the level of the States and district local bodies. At the same time, the government must begin to ideate on the third generation of reforms.
Echoes Wajahat Habibullah, the Chief Information Commissioner, "third generation reforms can help to remove every remaining impediment to freedom, including lack of communication, which comes from deficient material facilities, exchange of ideas and flowering of thought based on easy accessibility to knowledge." (See Box above)
So what are the third generation of reforms? The terminology is neither fictitious nor something coined to describe current policy directions. Globally, the IMF, the World Bank, the US Treasury and G7 institutions have spearheaded a movement for reforms on the premise that the: "stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes of the past, while successful in jump-starting economies, have been unable to ensure the quality and sustainability of renewed growth… a broader set of reforms is needed to sustain high-quality growth in a globalised environment and to close the disparity between the rich and poor countries."
At the outset, it must be remembered that a major stumbling block to most development efforts in India is poor decentralised planning and implementation of schemes at the state level. Here, it is important that fund flows from both Central and State governments are linked to devolution of power to the third tier that is the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). This is essential for the success of participatory democracy. Simultaneously, the government must start focusing on capacity building, linking education to employability and skill enhancements. This will also enable the government to ensure that the pending labour reforms receive greater public acceptance.
The first phase of reforms, which started in 1991, essentially concentrated on reforms at the Central government level. The second round (though still incomplete) looks at infrastructure, financial and labour reforms. Now these have to be taken to the level of the States and district local bodies. Almost 40 per cent of our revenue and fiscal deficit are because of poor State finances. A number of reforms are required to improve the delivery system, too, since all social services such as education, health, and so on are delivered at the State level. The State-level reforms are of particular importance to promote regional equity, which is a matter of fundamental significance for a federal polity like India.
It has been widely seen that wherever the third generation of reforms have been introduced, these have had the underlying backbone of information and communication technologies, both for bringing in transparency, speed, ease of governance as well as a solution for taking extension services of the government to the larger public. This is needed all the more in third world countries, where the infrastructure is sorely lacking and the government's reach into the hinterland is limited.
As this issue's cover story highlights, there have been several examples of ICT-based services bridging the gaps of outreach and infrastructure and it is time that the government upscales such success stories. If the third generation reforms are about strengthening delivery systems, then ICT and e-governance efforts have a crucial role to play.
It is not that the government is unaware of the steps needed on the reforms front. As the draft report of the high-level committee on financial sector reforms headed by economist Dr Raghuram Rajan noted that there are deep linkages among different reforms, including broader reforms to monetary and fiscal policies, and recognising these linkages is essential to achieve real progress. The Committee submitted its report earlier this year when the political canvas had a different set of colours.
The Committee had three major conclusions. Firstly,that the country's financial system is not providing adequate services to a majority of retail customers, small and medium-sized enterprises, or large corporations. Government ownership of a majority of the banking system and hindrances to the development of corporate debt and derivatives markets have stunted financial development. This will inevitably become a barrier to high growth, it says.
Second, the financial sector – if properly regulated but unleashed from government strictures that have stifled the development of certain markets and kept others from becoming competitive and efficient – has the potential to generate millions of much-needed jobs and, more important, have an enormous multiplier effect on economic growth. And lastly, financial stability is more important than ever to keep growth from being derailed by shocks hitting the system.
And as a recent Goldman Sachs paper notes, some of the most important reforms that India needs are improved governance; higher basic education levels; a credible fiscal policy and liberalised financial markets. Of these one of the most important and one that is integral to most other reforms, barring the financial sectors reforms, is improving access to and quality of education.
Says Sam Pitroda, Chairman of the National Knowledge Commission, India has the potential to become the workforce supplier to the world. Here, education and skills development are critical if India is to reap the benefits of its demographic dividend. Pitroda says it is necessary to scale up the pace of development, both in education and vocational training. "We can no longer look at growth rates of 5-10 percent, a quantum leap is what is required."
In a more philosophical vein, third generation reforms have to be based on pursuing rules of the world economy, realising cooperation and mutual confidence between the state and the citizen. The citizen's confidence is in that the state will provide him with services in the framework of justice, equality and a real interest in assisting him to face life burdens. Moreover, the state's confidence in the citizen is as being a partner, who shoulders the responsibility of assisting it in managing the resources of its public budget and in monitoring its expenditure.
State reform is much talked-about, but seldom clearly defined and even more rarely implemented. When it comes to poverty-alleviation, the tendency has been not to reform existing policies and institutions, but to bypass them
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